Water normally flows one direction, from the municipal supply into your home and irrigation system. A sudden pressure drop in the main, from a water main break nearby or heavy firefighting demand, can occasionally reverse that flow for a moment, and if your irrigation line is directly connected to potable water with no protection, whatever the irrigation side is in contact with, fertilizer, standing water, lake or pond water in some setups, can theoretically be pulled backward into the drinking water supply. A backflow preventer is a mechanical device built specifically to stop that reversal.
It’s required by code on most irrigation systems connected to municipal water, and many jurisdictions, including areas we serve, require it to be tested periodically by a certified tester to confirm it’s still functioning, not just installed and forgotten.